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Tarentum (Campus Martius)
In the topography of ancient Rome, the Tarentum or Terentum was a religious precinct north of the Trigarium, a field for equestrian exercise, in the Campus Martius.〔John H. Humphrey, ''Roman Circuses: Arenas for Chariot Racing'' (University of California Press, 1986), pp. 544, 558; Auguste Bouché-Leclercq, ''Manuel des Institutions Romaines'' (Hachette, 1886), pp. 558, 560; Marcel Le Glay, "Remarques sur la notion de ''Salus'' dans la religion romaine," ''La soteriologia dei culti orientali nell' imperio romano: Études préliminaires au religions orientales dans l'empire romain'', Colloquio internazionale Roma, 1979 (Brill, 1982), p. 442 (online. )〕 The archaeological survey of the site shows that it had no buildings.〔 Robert E.A. Palmer, ''Studies of the Northern Campus Martius in Ancient Rome'' (American Philosophical Society, 1990), p. 34.〕
The Tarentum gave its name to the ''ludi tarentini'' ("Tarentine Games"), the archaic ''ludi'' that became the Saecular Games; the name is perhaps less likely to have come from the place Tarentum in Apulia.〔Erich S. Gruen, "Poetry and Politics: The Beginnings of Latin Literature," in ''Studies in Greek Culture and Roman Policy'' (Brill, 1990), p. 83, note 17 ( online. ) Calvert Watkins, ''How to Kill a Dragon: Aspects of Indo-European Poetics'' (Oxford University Press, 1995), devotes a chapter to the meaning of ''tarentum''.〕 The location of the Tarentum is indicated primarily by the discovery in 1930 of the inscribed record of the Saecular Games ''(acta)'' held in 17 BC, which traditionally took place there.〔Palmer, ''Studies of the Northern Campus Martius,'' p. 20, is more skeptical than many scholars about establishing the exact location and limits of the Tarentum.〕 It was the precinct within which the underground Altar of Dis and Proserpina was located.〔Robert E.A. Palmer, "Silvanus, Sylvester, and the Chair of St. Peter," ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'' 122 (1978), p. 239.〕
==Myth and the ''ludi''==
The Tarentine Games were presented most notably in 249 BC, as a "crisis ritual"〔Jörg Rüpke, "Communicating with the Gods," in ''A Companion to the Roman Republic'' (Wiley-Blackwell, 2007, 2010), p. 225.〕 during the First Punic War, in accordance with the Sibylline books. The ''ludi'' took the form of three-night rites〔''Tribus noctibus'', Censorinus 17.8 ((Latin )). Three-night rites were also characteristic of the Gallic religious calendar, as evidenced by notations of the Gaulish word ''trinoχtion'' (equivalent to Latin ''trinoctium''), "fête des Trois Nuits," in the Coligny calendar; Xavier Delamarre, ''Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental'' (Paris: Éditions Errance, 2003, 2nd ed.), pp. 302–303.〕 and horse races to honor Dis and Proserpina, the divine couple who had an underground altar at the site.〔See Platner's entry on the ''Ara Ditis et Proserpina'' at LacusCurtius (online ); Livy, ''Periocha'' (49 ): ''Ludi Diti patri ad Tarentum ex praecepto librorum facti'' ("games for Father Dis took place at the Tarentum, in accordance with the books," presumably the Sibylline books).〕 In a common version of the myth, Proserpina (Greek Persephone) was abducted by the ruler of the underworld and driven underground in his chariot to become his bride and queen.〔Humphrey, ''Roman Circuses'', pp. 558, 577.〕 Some scholars think that the Roman ''Dis pater'' ("Rich Father") is a Latin translation of the Greek ''Plouton'' (Pluto) and that his cult was established among the Romans with the celebration of the games in 249 BC.〔H.D. Jocelyn, ''The Tragedies of Ennius'' (Cambridge University Press, 1967), p. 331, with reference to Kurt Latte, ''Römische Religionsgeschichte'' (C.H. Beck, 1967, 1992), p. 246ff.〕 Varro regarded the nocturnal theatrical performances that took place during the games as a seminal event in the history of Roman drama.〔Censorinus 17.8; Rupke, "Communicating with the Gods," p. 225.〕
Hendrik Wagenvoort argued that these ceremonies had originated with the cult of Maris, an Etruscan ''daimon'' of death later identified with Mars in a chthonic form, along with Ferona as the consort of Maris.〔Hendrik Wagenvoort, "The Origin of the ''Ludi Saeculares''," in ''Studies in Roman Literature, Culture and Religion'' (Brill, 1956), p. 219 ''et passim''; see also John F. Hall III, "The Saeculum Novum of Augustus and its Etruscan Antecedents," ''Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt'' II.16.3 (1986), p. 2574.〕 According to Calvert Watkins, the word ''tarentum'' in reference to the Roman site most likely means "tomb" or "sepulcher,"〔Watkins notes (p. 348) that the ''Oxford Latin Dictionary'' omits the ''tarentum'' of Acca in the Velabrum, where based on a reconstructed passage of Varro (''De lingua latina'' 6.23–24) the meaning "tomb" is required; Varro glosses ''tarentum Accas'' (an archaic form of the genitive singular feminine) with ''sepulchrum Accae''.〕 or more fundamentally, "a place for crossing," that is, a liminal place.〔Watkins, ''How to Kill a Dragon'', p. 351.〕
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